Cathedral Essay

El Ikor Professor Ravita English 1102 February 21, 2013 Cathedral Essay Don’t judge a book by its cover. Judge not, lest ye be judged. Two’s company and three’s a crowd. These are all well- known cliches that Raymond Carver was able to incorporate into his short story Cathedral. These cliches were able to take form as the story’s theme. The narrator (Bub) had a noticeable and open prejudice towards blind people. Carver was able to grasp how a person with a physical disability is coddled by society instead of being treated like an equal being.Bub’s anxiety and lack of enthusiasm was apparent when his wife invited her blind friend, Robert over for a visit. In the text Bub stated that he was not looking forward to having a blind man in his home. Within the story the narrator shows his ignorance and lack of factual knowledge of blind people. The narrator needed a personal experience with a disabled person before being able to comprehend the degree of hi s ignorance. His experience with a blind man taught him more than he was expecting to learn. Bub was able to discard his pre conceptions of Robert through interaction and surveillance with and of him.There was not an open welcoming of Robert’s visit from the narrator. Bub’s displeasure for having a blind person in his home originated from uneducated and ignorant beliefs. He truly believed that blind people were never happy and always moved slow. In the story, the narrator is shocked that Robert is able to easily feed himself. Bub’s stereotypical thoughts are evidence of the first cliche, â€Å"Don’t judge a book by its cover. † In the text Bub stated that he’d seen movies of blind people but he never truly interacted with a blind person before. He was very judgmental of Robert before even meeting him.From the moment Robert arrived, the narrator began to realize that his pre conceptions of the blind were fallacies. Carver’s use of this cliche conveys one of the underlying themes in the story. Carver’s use of the second cliche â€Å"Judge not, lest ye be judged,’ is evident throughout the entire story. Not only did Bub pre judge Robert before meeting him, but also he pre judged all blind people by grouping them into one helpless category. Robert continued to surprise Bub with his normalcy and similarities. Bub assumed that Robert was going to be helpless and in need of constant care.His assumptions towards blind people were unwarranted and derived from a superabundant intake of television. The fact that something as simple as a beard on a blind man surprised him is evidence that Bub’s ignorance was out of control. Bub was not able to differentiate between fact and fiction therefore he judged without plausible cause. After just a short time with Robert, Bub understood that his previous judgments and assumptions were incorrect. Bub saw that Robert, a blind man, was not as helpless as television would convey him as. Bub’s anxiety about Robert’s visit stemmed from more than him being a blind man.Bub also felt uncomfortable with the relationship Robert had with his wife. Robert and the narrator’s wife were able to keep a healthy friendship for a decade without seeing each other. Bub and his wife’s relationship lacked communication. In the text it is apparent that the narrator and his wife have constant small tiffs with each other. Robert and Bub’s wife sent each other tapes for years telling stories and keeping touch. Carver used the cliche, â€Å"Two’s company and three is a crowd,† as another theme for the story. Robert did not want to feel like the third wheel in his own home.Bub was jealous of the relationship Robert and his wife shared. The fact that Robert was a blind man connecting with his wife on this level did not make Bub welcome him into his home any more. Carver’s insertions of these latent cliches were fun damental to the story and the growth of Robert’s mental character. All of the cliches ultimately incorporated into the theme of the story. The stories most pre dominant or all powerful cliche was most certainly don’t judge a book by its cover. The narrator was completely insensitive to having a blind man in his home because of his pre conceived ideas.Bub was able to discard his pre notions of Robert through interaction and surveillance. After spending time with a person that he had these predetermined judgments of, he was able to willing open his mind and see that he was wrong. Bub was able to see more similarities than differences a blind person has with himself. Bub is able to grasp the concept that Robert’s lack of sight does not define him as an individual. He was able to learn valuable lessons from Robert. The underlying cliches without a doubt played there role throughout the story to teach Bub these lessons.

Plot Summary: Volpone, by Ben Jonson Essay

Ben Johnson was an Elizabethan English poet, dramatist and actor. A peer of William Shakespeare, Johnson was born in 1572 and died 65 years later. He was a man of extraordinary literary talents and despite the fact that he didn’t go to university he was acknowledged as one of the most learned men of his day. He was friends with many of the other well known Elizabethan writers like Bacon, Shakespeare and Donne; in fact, Shakespeare even acted in the 1616 production of Johnson’s play ‘Every Man in His Humour’. Johnson is best known for his poems and satirical plays, of which the 1606 ‘Volpone’ is considered to be one of his best examples; it is a comedy/satire about avarice and lust The play takes place over 24 hours in seventeenth-century Venice, and opens at the home of a nobleman from the city – Volpone (the ‘fox’). Seemingly, this nobleman is actually a con artist who has gained his impressive wealth through deception and other dishonest ways. As the play starts, Volpone is with his servant Mosca entering the shrine where Volpone keeps all his wealth and treasures. The reader learns that Volpone is about to deceive yet more people as he tries to trick his alleged friends – Voltore (the ‘vulture’), Corbaccio (the ‘raven’) and Corvino (the ‘crow’) – into believing that each is Volpone’s heir and that he is actually on his deathbed. What these three men do not know is that Volpone is in perfect health and feigning his illness to receive expensive â€Å"get well† gifts from these fortune hunters. Mosca, Volpone’s â€Å"parasite† tells each of the men individually that they are heir to Volpone’s fortune so that they will return with yet more gifts. Voltore, who is a lawyer by trade, offers the ‘dying’ man a gift an expensive platter, the old gentleman. Corbaccio is talked into disinheriting his son Bonario by Volpone and Mosca in favour of Volpone; Corbaccio thinking that Volpone is dying is not concerned about this. This leaves the third man – Corvino, a penny-pinching merchant with a beautiful young wife, Celia, whom he guards closely; however despite him being such a jealous husband his greed lead him to proffer Celia to Volpone to take to his bed and to be a comfort to him as he lies dying. When Volpone attempts to force himself on Corvino’s young wife, he is interrupted by the appearance of Corbaccio’s son, Bonario. Celia and Bonario, but the three fortune hunters (scared of Volpone losing his wealth which they each think will soon be theirs take out counter-charges against the young couple of adultery and fornication. Volpone loves the chaos that he has caused and so decides to make more sport for himself by staging his own death and leaving everything to Mosca, just so that he is able to witness the mayhem that will occur. Mosca, however, as he prepares for a large and expensive ‘funeral’ for his ‘late’ employer, has less and less to do with Volpone. Mosca also is suddenly elevated from his lowly position to a man of wealth, an eligible bachelor As Volpone watches the changes in his old servant, he decides to ‘come clean’ and expose his own guilt as well as that of everyone else in the matter servant. When the truth is learned, the judges take away all of Volpone’s wealth and give it to charity; the lawyer Voltore is barred from court, all of Corbaccio’s fortune is given to his son, Corvino is paraded through Venice and derided, Celia is returned to her family taking with her three times the amount of dowry that she took to her husband and Mosca is sentenced to a life in the galleys for masquerading as a man of substance.

Point-Of-Purchase Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Point-Of-Purchase Advertising - Essay Example Every time I pay for something at a convenience store or shopping mall, my eyes always stray to the magazine rack. The colorful front covers never fail to catch my attention. What is featured on those covers is also eye-catching. While I wait for my turn with the cashier, I find myself reading the tidbits about celebrities or appreciating the blurbs on interior decorating. On some days I would find myself getting a copy of one or two magazines from the display to add them to my purchases. The same thing happens to me when it comes to food. Whenever I go grocery shopping, I always come home with something I did not plan on buying. There was one time I only wanted to buy toiletries but arrived home with three cans of Campbell’s Mushroom Soup because the store was having a Buy One, Take One promo on the product. On other days, I would get a spaghetti pack since the store would have noodles and canned tomato sauce packaged as one item. The last product would be cosmetics. As a fem ale, I would always be on the lookout for bargains and sales. Although I am not the type to go to the mall specifically to buy any kind of make-up, when I see a basket with lip colors for a discounted price a piece, I normally grab some, thinking I could send them out later as gifts. This happens most often during the Christmas season when a number of cosmetic items are on sale. Another reason I tend to buy an eye-shadow kit, for example, is when the sales person offers to try the colors on me and I end up looking really nice. For food, cosmetics and magazine, I often find myself buying the products because of several reasons. For the magazines, I patronize because I find certain stories on the cover interesting. I am also a big fan of some celebrities so when they are featured by a magazine and I like the story about them, I buy the literature. I find the point-of-purchase marketing for this product helpful. If the magazines were not displayed near the checkout counter, I would not have seen the magazines. If so, I would not have gotten the information I was interested in. For the food products, I think their POP marketing was also effective but not as effective as that for the magazines. I did not find these annoying. However, I think that some of these did not even reach their target markets on some days. For example, as I was heading towards the dairy section one time, I happened to notice some promotional products on the display in another section. Since I did not need anything in that section, I did not stop to check out the items being advertised. In this sense, I think the POP was wasted. I have the same sentiments for the POP marketing used in cosmetics. I think these products are more of a luxury for most consumers than a necessity. On the other hand, customers will be still be encouraged to buy lipstick or compact powder after POP marketing like trial make-up, discounts and freebies because it is a chance to have a very expensive product to beautify themselves with. As a marketing executive for any of the three products, I would continue to spend some of my advertising budget on point-of-purchase advertising. These kinds of promotions â€Å"have been found to have a significant influence on consumer shopping behavior†¦ Point-Of-Purchase Advertising International (POPAI) reports that as much [as] 75 percent of buying decisions are made in-store.† (Nicolas, 2007) I would probably change some aspects of the POP based on the location of the product in a grocery store, for example. Not all products can enjoy the spot near the cashier where people spend time in line and can still make an impulse decision on the items in their line of vision. Some products are even in an aisle that may only see

The Decades Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Decades - Essay Example Teen Angel was released in 1963 and reached 1st position on American Billboard category of popular music. Undeniably, there are other songs from the 60s that climbed to 1st position and remained popular throughout the decade. However, I feel that Mark’s song exemplified the mood prevailing during that time. Sixties was a time of children by baby boomers. After the 2nd World War, the number of families made of young couples increased. In the 60s, most children of the previously young couples were at their teenage periods (Broadus and Browne, 17). In this case, Teen Angel by Mark Dinning exemplifies an atmosphere filled with high school moods and teenage love affairs. In 1971, Indian Reservation reached 1st position in the U.S Billboard charts and remained within the top 10 category for succeeding two years. The Raiders took the nation wild with concrete lyrics and rhythmic characteristics of the song. Indian Reservation exemplifies the 70s social atmosphere filled with civil rights struggles from minority groups (Smith, 44). The Native Indian population in America was an example of minorities who experienced uncomfortable neglect and negative influence from the mainstream cultures. Therefore, the Raiders spawned the music environment with messages of cultural preservation in the song. Eighties was a decade characterized by increased diversity in musical genres. During the period, alternative rock and soul music rose to popularity. Contextually, Richard Marx released Endless Summer Nights, a song that became popular until the end of 1980s. In his song, Richard recalls of the endless summer nights he previously had with his woman. 1980s was a period when civil rights had improved and social, economic and political environments were favorable for most Americans (Lee, 38). This was the time filled with nostalgic feelings and songs that recalled of the past became popular. Unlike the 80s whose

Christian Faith and Global Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Christian Faith and Global Islam - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that  Volf sees to it that what some of the Christians might view as differences in terms of Muslims and Christians is really not a difference if analyzed in detail. For example the fact that Muslims don’t recognize Trinity should be seen as a difference between the two religions. This is based on the fact that some Christians like the Orthodox also believe in the same principle. As much as some of the Volf’s arguments are strong, one would argue that they have limitations too. This can be confirmed by the inductive thinking approach that he places on his arguments. This is seen by his proclamation of the engagement rules in which he wants the followers of the two religions to focus on the common things they share and not the difference.This study highlights that  Lee main argument is based on the fact that one should understand the opponents point of view, more so when it comes to our enemies. This is an element that shows the practice o f loving our neighbors, but it does not mean we have to agree with them. In the book, Lee views Muslims as enemies to the Christians. This is based on their actions and omissions that see make them to be of the opposite teaching of Christianity. Lee discusses the orientation of Muslims when it comes to making of war and use it in the comparison of the Christian kind of war that ever existed.  Contrary to Muslims, Lee sees the teaching and the life of Jesus to be non- violent thus opposing war making and violence.

International Financial Theory on the basis of Empirical Evidence Essay

International Financial Theory on the basis of Empirical Evidence - Essay Example The PPP theory states that there will be price equalization of goods internationally once they are measured in the same currency due to arbitrage forces (Pilbeam, 2006). This theory is based on the law of one price, which states that identical products when sold in different markets will sell at the same price when expressed in common currency. The main assumptions for this law to hold good are the presence of a competitive market structure, absence of transport costs and other barriers to trade (Sarno and Taylor, 2002).There are two types of purchasing power parity; the absolute and relative power parity. The absolute power parity theory states that a rise in the home price level relative to the foreign price level will result in an equivalent depreciation of the home currency against the foreign currency. Relative power parity states that there will be adjustments for the exchange rate by the amount of inflation differential between two countries (Pilbeam, 2006). The main problem w ith the PPP theory is that it does not distinguish between traded and non-traded goods. Many studies have shown that this distinction is important for testing PPP since traded goods are determined mainly by international competition while non-traded goods are influenced by domestic supply and demand conditions (Officer, 1976, 1986). At the same time, some other authors have showed distinction between traded and non-traded goods as unclear (Sarno and Taylor, 2002).The other limitations are the assumptions underlying the PPP theory like perfect competition, absence of transport costs and barriers to trade which are questionable. Further, it is very difficult to find identical products to be compared for testing PPP in different countries (Rogoff, 1996). Thus PPP is theoretically ambiguous and remains and empirical question. Three types of empirical evidence for PPP have been done .They are based on graphical representations, simplistic data analysis and

Philoshopy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Philoshopy - Essay Example Empiricists say that sense experience is the ultimate source of all our concepts and knowledge. Rationalists have developed their view in two ways. The first one is that "they argue that there are cases where the content of our concepts or knowledge outstrips the information that sense experience can provide. Second, they constuct accounts of how reason in some form or other provides that additional information about the world" (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rationalism-empiricism/). Empiricists form lines of thought. "First, they develop accounts of how experience provides the information that rationalists cite, insofar as we have it in the first place. (Empiricists will at times opt for skepticism as an alternative to rationalism: if experience cannot provide the concepts or knowledge the rationalists cite, then we don't have them.) Second, empiricists attack the rationalists' accounts of how reason is a source of concepts or knowledge" (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rationalism-empiricism/). In order to be a rationalist you need to adopt one of three claims. The first one is"The Intuition/Deduction Thesis:" Some propositions in a particular subject area, S, are knowable by us by intuition alone; still others are knowable by being deduced from intuited propositions" The second thesis associated with rationalism is the Innate Knowledge thesis. "The Innate Knowledge Thesis:" We have knowledge of some truths in a particular subject area, S, as part of our rational nature. The third important thesis of rationalism is the Innate Concept thesis. "The Innate Concept Thesis:" We have some of the concepts we employ in a particular subject area, S, as part of our rational nature" (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rationalism-empiricism/ ) In this same context, Descartes would have offered a brief description of his own experience with the proper approach to knowledge. Begin by renouncing any belief that can be doubted, including especially the testimony of the senses; then use the perfect certainty of one's own existence, which survives this doubt, as the foundation for a demonstration of the providential reliability of one's faculties generally. Significant knowledge of the world, Descartes supposed, can be achieved only by following this epistemological method, the rationalism involved in relying on a mathematical model and eliminating the distraction of sensory information in order to pursue the demonstrations of pure reason. Later sections of the Discourse (along with the supplementary scientific essays with which it was published) trace some of the more significant consequences of following the Cartesian method in philosophy. His entirely mechanistic inclinations would consistently emerge clearly in these sections, with frequent reminders of the success of physical explanations of complex phenomena. Non-human animals, within Descartes's view, are complex organic machines, all of whose actions can be fully explained without any reference to the operation of mind in thinking. In fact, Descartes declared, most of human behavior, like that of animals, is susceptible to simple mechanistic explanation. Cleverly designed automata could successfully mimic nearly all of what we do. Thus, Descartes argued, it is only the general ability to adapt to widely varying circumstances-and, in particular, the capacity to respond creatively in the use of language-that provides a sure test for the presence of an immaterial

Coke and Pepsi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Coke and Pepsi - Essay Example cator of working capital, also means that Coca Cola operated within its working capital range and was therefore not in a good position to pay for its current liabilities as they fell due. A comparison of the company’s current ratio with the ratio in the period ended 2011 suggests a decline because 2011 had a current ratio of 1.399. This raises concern because the company could be experiencing a continuously declining solvency potential and may compromise stakeholders such as suppliers and investors. Pepsi reported a current ratio of 1.095. Like the ratio for Coca Cola, this was low, compared to the recommended ratio of 2:1. The organization therefore operated close to its working capital and was unlikely to meet its short-term liabilities as they fell due. Pepsi’s current ratio for the year ended 2011 was however 0.961, an indication that current liabilities were more than current assets. Consequently, Pepsi experienced an improvement in its ability to meet its current liabilities, from the year ended 2011 to the year ended 2012 (Debarshi, 2011). Pepsi is doing better in management of its current assets and liabilities, into better solvency. This is because it reported a higher ratio than Coca Cola did, 1.095 compared to Coca Cola’s 1.071. In addition, Pepsi improved its ratio in the year 2012 while the ratio for Coca Cola decreased to suggest better management in Pepsi than in Coca Cola. Coca Cola had better profitability than Pepsi. Return on assets measures effectiveness in use of assets to generate income. Higher values are therefore preferred. Coca Cola had a return on assets ratio of 11.46, a value higher than Pepsi’s 8.33 percent and this suggests more effective assets management in Coca Cola. The following table summarizes the companies’ return on assets ratios for the years 2010, 2011, and 2012. In addition, Coca Cola experienced improvements in its profitability over the period while profitability of Pepsi declined. Pepsi, however reported

Career Planning for the Graduates in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Career Planning for the Graduates in UK - Essay Example However, they maintain a consistency in their recruitment process hence they can be considered as a dependable industry so that the newly graduates looking for jobs can apply for employment in this sector. The investment banking industry is found to be stagnant for the last few years. The growth in the legal sector has diminished in 2013 compared to 2012 (Schierup, Munck, Likic-Brboric & Neergaard, 2015). However, the field recruits the fresh graduates. Hence, though it does not generate any productive growth in the overall job market of the country, still the nation witnessed employment opportunity generated for the fresh graduates in these sectors (Johnston, Khattab & Manley, 2015).  The growth in the fast moving consumer sector has fallen in 2013 compared to 2012 (Schierup, Munck, Likic-Brboric & Neergaard, 2015). However, in providing employment to the graduates this sector has significant contribution in this country. Nevertheless, the accountancy and the other professional se rvice sector are not so promising for employing graduates. In case of banking sector, the growth has been observed to be negative in 2013 as compared to 2012 (Iammarino & Marinelli, 2015). However it has been noticed that in the graduate job market of UK, the sector has significant contribution compared to other sectors. The people of the country are mainly interested to avail the opportunities in the sectors discussed above (Tran, 2015). Now we look at how these choices change over the year 2014 (Figueiredo, Rocha, Biscaia & Teixeira, 2015).

Assessment for Teacher Essay Example for Free

Assessment for Teacher Essay The primary purpose of assessment is for the learner to provide evidence of learning by demonstrating the understanding of content and achievement of learning outcomes. This gives an insight of their strengths and areas of development. Whereas for teacher, it provides a moment to review their assessment strategies in terms of effectiveness and facilitate progression by giving constructive feedback. It also informs the curriculum board, managers, and relevant staff to evaluate learning programmes for any improvements. Learners are assessed through various stages of learning journey by using variety of methods and strategies. They are usually assessed formatively before or during the course and summatively near or the end of it. Formative assessment provides a continuous source of information about students’ progress, improvement and problems encountered in the learning process. It could be an â€Å"Initial Assessment† to determine prior knowledge or â€Å"Diagnostic Assessment† to find areas of development and strengths. Feedback is an integral part of it. (NCFOT, 1999) said it â€Å"occurs when teachers feed information back to the students in ways that enable the student to learn better, or when students can engage in a similar, self-reflective process†(Principle 4). It has also been supported by several educationists such as Scales (2008 p. 179), Black and William (1998: 17) and Reece and Walker (2007 p. 325). Formative assessments are not graded which allows flexibility to modify and adjust the teaching practices and reflect the needs and progress of learners as well as motivating them. However, formative assessment in its purist form is seldom used (Brookhart, 1999). I feel that teachers should be given training to as â€Å"how† and â€Å"when† to employ it successfully. There are variety of methods by which students are assessed formatively such as Accreditation of prior learning (APL), Observation, Oral Questioning, Discussion, Role play, Case study, Essays, Projects, Assignments, MCQs etc. which when used in combination has proven effective in measuring a variety of complex learning outcomes (Reece and Walker, 2007, p. 326) It is useful for development of â€Å"Cognitive†, â€Å"Psychomotor† and â€Å"Affective Domains† of learning as explained in Bloom’s Taxonomy and could assess higher order skills of these domains. Some teachers are predominantly concerned with cognitive learning with some use of psychomotor skills but affective learning can be a useful tool in changing attitudes i. e. gender, culture etc. even if it’s not a requirement of a course. Summative Assessment happens at the end of the course, unit etc. and is for grading and decision purpose. It is used for informing employers, institutions etc. about learner’s overall performance. It does not however, give information about detailed abilities of learner and there is no feedback so it is debated for its complete reliability and validity. (Scales, 2008 and Rust, 2002). Learners are assessed summatively mostly by Examination, Assignments, Portfolios, and Essays. They develop the skill levels of ‘cognitive and psychomotor domains’ depending on how effectively they are set out and the type of course. ‘MCQs’ and ‘Viva’ for instance can provide better coverage of syllabus as well as assessment of deeper knowledge whereas essays does not serve the same purpose but assess higher levels of cognitive domain i. e. synthesis and evaluation. Feedback is an important element of assessment and is directly related to motivation. In order to accelerate learning process it has to be timely, positive and constructive. â€Å"Maslow’s hierarchy makes us think about the total experience.. From physiological factors. to relationships (do we give positive regard and development feedback? ) to self-esteem needs (‘I’m no good ’), his hierarchy provides a useful device to help us understand learning and motivation(Scales, 2008 p. 72). We need to keep records to track and monitor the progress of our learners. They are many different types of internal, external and formal and informal records. Internal records include mark books, matrix, learner progress sheets/ reviews and results of mock tests. In ESOL, we keep records of Initial interview, Initial assessment, spiky profile, ILPs, Diagnostic assessment, Formative assessment, observation reports, feedback reports, peer/self assessments and Summative assessments to assess the progress of learners and efficacy of programme and teaching. The external records include all the evidence in form of written work or internal verification to sent to external bodies i. e. exam board, auditing bodies, other educational organisations, support staff, etc.

Performance Management At Emaar

Performance Management At Emaar The report features altogether are in six major sections. Section one is about Performance management and performance appraisal at Emaar. Section two is about Reward Management that Emaar uses. Section three is about Addressing Underperformnce. Section four is about measures of staff satisfaction. Section five is about methods to improvements. Section six which the last one is the conclusion. More over, there are some appendixes I have attached in my report, Appendix 1 is the Aprriasal form and appendix 2 the exit interview. Finally, Most of the information in the report was from my own experience at Emaar and some particulars from Emaar website and interviewing employees as well. Performance Management at Emaar At Emaar, Performance Management is considered as a cyclical process encompassing many aspects. Their model begins with the process of hiring, continues with daily performance management, and extends to yearly performance appraisals specially when making hiring decisions, managers, individuals and committees are involved in the process should consider the seven core competencies established by Emaar which are: Adaptability Motivation Professional and Self Development Work Quality and Job knowledge Teamwork Service Orientation Communication From there, Emaar supervisors should manage employees daily performance through an efficient and effective performance management system. As a result of a efficient and effective and useful performance management system, supervisors should be able to provide accurate and relevant performance assessments that helps further growth and improvement among employees at Emaar. By institute a successful performance management based upon the seven core competencies, Emaar is able to hire, lead and evaluate individuals based on the same set of the competencies which offers consistency and continued growth. Appraisal Performance Appraisal performance is considered one of the powerful tools and an important process at all levels of the organization starting from the top management and ending with employees. It helps supervisors to meet the objectives and goals of the department and the firm as well. In addition, companies must keep pace with process to accommodate the changes of the business level contents and performance methods, and the change of the staff skills and knowledge. Appraisal helps to create confidence between employees and raise their loyalty to the firm.(See Appendix 1) Appraisal performance from some authors view performance appraisal as any procedure that involves setting work standards, assessing the employees actual performance relative to these standards, and providing feedback to the employees with the aim of motivating that person to eliminate performance deficiencies or to continue to perform above par Dessler Another definition for performance appraisal is the evaluation, often in writing an employees work and job performance according to specific criteria. Performance appraisal can also be defined as a system of periodic review and evaluation of an individuals or teams job performance Schuller Appraisal performance at Emaar Emaar conduct appraisal quarterly and annually to evaluate employees performance, promote communication and their personality to examine their strengths and weakness. Besides, Emaar ensures all the employees who conducted the evaluation that their information are confidential and secured for making right decisions for them. Appraisal performance is important for such a company because it provides them with employees feedback of employees performance and progress. Performance appraisal aims at facilitate employees development and it has the major purposes. These major purposes is to provide feedback and guidance, to set performance goals, to identify training needs, and to provide inputs for management of pay administration, rewards, and promotion. Also there are some steps which are involved in effective performance appraisal are: Identification of key performance areas and setting yearly objectives. Identification of critical attributes for effective performance Periodic review of performance Discussion of performance with employees, Identification of training and developmental needs. Emaar uses many methods for performance evaluation of their employees, some of them are traditional and some are modern methods. Incident Indicator Method It is done by collecting the largest possible number of incidents that causes the success or the failure of the work. Supervisors monitor their group and decide if any of those collected incidents happened to them in their work. Their performance will be evaluated based on the incidents that happened in their workplace and how they behaved during those incidents and how serious they are in terms of success or failure of the job. 360 degree Performance The 360 process almost always includes a survey that has questions related to leadership and organizational success, along with a corresponding scale rate each item for example, Agree, Slightly Agree, Neutral, Slightly Disagree, and Disagree. Self-ratings and ratings from employees manager, direct reports, peers and customers are typically compiled into a report. The results are combined and presented by rater category, which allows for insightful comparisons while ensuring that individual direct report, peer and customer raters remain anonymous. Ratings by the employees manager are also presented for comparison but not anonymous. The 360 process may also include a gaol setting or development planning component, which requires that managers translate there results into a meaningful plan for future development. Some 360s are linked to administrative processes such as performance appraisal, promotion, compensation and succession planning 360 Feedback offers many potential benefits to both staff and the organization. Because the technique is capitalizes on multiple perspectives. The results are considered highly credible and useful performance feedback. For employees, the 360 experience can help to confirm hunches about strengths and identify areas that need improvement. Being able to compare feedback from multiple sources helps participants contrast their self-perceptions with others perceptions of them. But the benefit from this kind of reality check comes with a challenge: As from Fortune article 360 Feedback Can Change Your Life. Receiving the results of the feedback can be surprising, powerful and uncomfortable. To help managers appreciate their strengths and not just concentrate on negative results, Emaar provides in one-on-one or group settings with trained coaches, facilitator or psychologists. Such sessions can also help managers link 360 results to previous performance feedback discover performance themes and issues and understand how to use results to be more successful. For Emaar, a successful 360 implementation can improve communication among employees and help disseminate the organizations expectations with regard to managers. The benefits can begin even before the 360 is implemented. A decision to implement the process signals that the organization desires and is committed on some level to improve its feedback mechanisms. Even the wording of the survey itself is instructive. 360 surveys are typically group behaviours into bread success factors such as strategic direction, analytical skills, interpersonal effectiveness and developing others. The very act of identifying these categories and then defining them by their associated behaviours, for instance, consider future implications when making decisions gives Emaar a common language with which to discuss performance. Forced Distribution In this method, employees are evaluates on the basis of their overall performance of the work. Paired comparison approach That this method is derived from the ranking method, the fundamental difference between them is that the ingredient rather than an individual compares with the rest of the individuals at once, as under the method of comparison by comparing the individual double with every one of them This method is characterized by the following: Easily explained to others. Facilitate the task of who conduct the appraisal, as it is easy for him to compare between two employees and choose only the best of them. Can be used this way by the heads of divisions and departments in the organizations when asked to nominate some of the subordinates for the purpose of promotion or bonuses and so on. The criticism of this method are as follows: That individuals are being compared with each other as if they were one unit, so it lacks behavioural specialization and taking focuses on personal aspects rather than behaviour. The evaluation might be susceptible to bias and favouritism. Individuals are evaluated by descending order (I, II, III, IV, .) does not indicate the relative degree of difference among them. Does not show the weaknesses in the performance of individuals to act and find solutions them. As Emaar got a large number of employees its hard for them to conduct this evaluation but this method is often used at small organizations where there are small number of employees such as small properties companies like Al Shams. Reward Management Reward Management is concerned with the formulation and implementation of strategies and policies that aim to reward employees fairly, equitably and consistently in accordance with their value to the organisation (Armstrong, 2003). Emaar has set a reward strategy to support their business goals, to recruit and retrain employees with his performance and to reward high performance employees. They have fincial rewards and non-financial rewards. Financial rewards Definition Employees get a fixed rate in monthly basis which is called base pay. Emaar determine the base pay according to the experience, degree and interview. Another, kind of financial rewards is the contingent pay, which is related the employees performance, competence or service. Moreover, employees benefits such as pension holidays and sick pay. Non-financial rewards It is not direct payments and usually occur from the work it self like achievements, recognition, training, opportunities to develop career and high quality leadership. Al-Noor Islamic bank has an attractive reward system which is for the part time employees who have worked at least twenty hours a week for two years, receive AED 3,500 scholarship to college of their choice. Four year scholarships for AED 35,000 are also given. The company has awarded more than AED 8 million since the program begins. Unlike Emaar that doesnt have flexible time for students who are welling to complete their higher education besides they are not encouraging students to join them. (function() { var scribd = document.createElement("script"); scribd.type = "text/javascript"; scribd.async = true; scribd.src = "https://www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })() (function() { var scribd = document.createElement("script"); scribd.type = "text/javascript"; scribd.async = true; scribd.src = "https://www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })() Addressing underperformance It is one of the elements of the performance management framework of Emaars Performance Management policy. It illustrates the need to take action to identify and resolve situations where the performance level is not achieving the identified outcome of performance of a specified position. Emaar follows some procedures to address underperformance Intensive Performance Support Solving a problem and supporting the process, generally developed between employees and the executive manager, to elucidate performance concerns and take early steps towards their resolution the process is begin when a patterns of performance concerns has been identified and considerable efforts should be made to resolve the concerns during this phase. Where employees are able to demonstrate that they are able to achieve Emaars identified performance outcomes during Intensive Performance Support, ongoing performance management can be resumed. Nevertheless, if employees underperforming consistently and the performance outcomes achieved through the IPS period are not improved sufficiently the Formal Underperformance procedure should be originated. This can be done only after IPS completion which is a pre-requisite to undertake the Formal Underperformance procedure. Formal Underperformance procedure Managers start this procedure for employees whose performance did not meet the identified performance outcome for Emaar and whose performance has not improved satisfactorily through IPS. Emaar makes sure that the used procedure is appropriate to employees employment conditions. Formal Underperformance is undertaken in consultation with departmental performance management consultant and involves supporting and assessing the performance of the employees. When outcomes of performance are achieved during the Formal Underperformance procedure are still unsatisfactory, another procedure is conducted which is called Evaluation Procedure to appraise and verify the procedure and how it is been implemented. The Evolution Procedure considers whether all reasonable options for support have been exhausted and ensures that principles of natural justice and procedural fairness have been observed. Based on the Evaluation Procedure report, recommendations are made for further action for approval of the departmental executive with the appropriate delegated authority. This may include Ongoing performance management return. Continuing with an identified stage of Managing Underperformance procedures. Sanctions imposition, including dismissal possibility when evident shows that an employee is not able to demonstrate the identified competence level and efficiency. ANOC is one of the biggest companies for producing oils so it is important for them to hire and retain the best employees to keep the company reputation safe so they use the same procedures as Emaar if they addressed any underperformance among employees specially the best employees. http://www.decs.sa.gov.au/docs/documents/1/ManagingUnderperformanc-4.pdf Measures of staff satisfaction Turnover Rates Emaar calculates the annual staff turnover rate by using a mathematical formula (Total number of leavers over periodÂÂ  / Average total number employed over period) x 100 Exit interviews Emaar conduct an internal interview which is the exit interview to establish the reasons why an employee wishes to leave the organization. Exit interviews are not intended to dissuade the employee from leaving. Rather, they are intended to establish resignation causes, and whether there is an underlying problem need to be addressed or is there a particular manager or a colleague who contributed towards this resignation and so on. When Emaar decides to conduct exit interviews they follow some points: The interview should be conducted by a personnel or a human resources expert. The interview should not be conducted by the employees line manager under any circumstances. The interview is often productive if they are held away from employees workplace. The best time to held exit interview is as soon after the employee resigns as possible. Emaar always treat their employees with good grace and wished them luck and thank them for the work they have done for the organization. (See Appendix 2) Absenteeism It is very vital to measure absenteeism, to identify and trace the patterns of employees attendance. High rate of absenteeism can be a symptom of stress in the work place which can contribute to higher rates of turnover. There are two methods to calculate absenteeism: lost time rate and individual frequency Lost Time Rate = (Number of Working Days Lost/Total Number of Working Days)*100ÂÂ   Individual Frequency = (Number of Absent Employees/Average Number of Employees)*100 Emaar has designed a comprehensive leave policy that is in alignment with the organizations values and objectives. Besides. there is a communication in the workplace, while dealing with sensitive issues such as absenteeism should be transparent and clear. Employees must be aware of the unpleasant effects of unauthorized time off. Moreover, Emaar introduces employee engagement programs to make employees involve and participate actively in the organization welfare. Also, they introduces counseling sessions that could prove beneficial in limiting absenteeism due to stress. Likewise, Emaar always keep their staff motivated by creating a favorable environment for them. There are also another methods to measure the staff satisfaction such as competitor comparison and benchmarking. Methods of improvements Emaar always try to make working more challenging and rewarding for their employees which will make it easier to keep them. In other words they use job enrichment which means they add additions to job tasks that increases the amount of employees and make them more motivated and increases their responsibility. Job enrichment helps employees to have more planning control their jobs and decide the way that they should achieve it. http://www.citehr.com/28657-job-enrichment.html http://www.enotes.com/business-finance-encyclopedia/job-enrichment

Argument for Welfare in the United States Essay -- essays research pap

Can a single mother of three working full time for minimum wage afford to pay ' by herself ' for food, clothing, transportation, childcare, occupational training and medical care? Without government aid, the obvious answer is no. Temporary Aid to Needy Families (TANF), as described by Robert Kuttner, is a government aid program designed 'to help all of the working poor rise out of poverty.' It includes tuition reimbursements, wage supplements, and above all, childcare? (Kuttner). It creates a more equal opportunity for those at a disadvantage to improve themselves and their situation. TANF, 'which limits the time families can remain on welfare, appears to be a smashing success' (Cohn). First, if eligibility were to become stricter, seeking employment would become even more difficult for those in need of aid. Second, it would hinder the ability of an individual to become a productive member of society without proper training. And finally, if a family in need is not adequately aided be cause of strict requirements, they can ultimately suffer more than if they were never on welfare. With this in mind, I believe that welfare programs in the U.S., specifically TANF, have set the correct requirements for eligibility. According to the Department of Human Services (DHS), in order to acquire and maintain TANF aid, one must ?be pregnant or have a child under age nineteen who lives with them. Any child who is eighteen must be a full-time high school student. [The applicant] must be a U.S. citizen or meet certain immigration requirements. A client must work with DHS staff and develop a plan that outlines the steps they will take to become self-sufficient. [Applicants must] be screened for issues related to substance abuse, mental health,... ...mistakes or sick children. As a result, a great many people are diligently working but even worse off economically? (Kuttner). This statement illustrates the hoops that working people are jumping through to attain welfare. If these requirements became stricter, TANF and welfare in general, would become more difficult to maintain. This would not only discourage clients but also leave them more in need than before. If society expects these disadvantaged individuals to become self-sufficient, they must understand that they cannot do so without the help of TANF and other welfare programs. Society must also understand that the requirements for eligibility are as strict as possible without hindering the program?s original goals. If the requirements become stricter, welfare programs such as TANF, will become less attainable and will inevitably worsen the welfare state.

Black Feminists Debate :: essays research papers

Black Feminists Debate Whiteness Stephanie Philipovich & Angela Torchia Passage #1: "Here is the house. It is green and white. It has a red door. It is very pretty. Here is the family. Mother, Father, Dick, and Jane live in the green-and-white house. They are very happy. See Jane. She has a red dress. She wants to play."(Morris, pg. 7) Passage #2: here is teh hous it is green and white it has a red door it is very prety hrere is the family mother father dick andjane live in the green and white hous they's are very happy see jane she gots a red dress she wants too play. (Both passages based on the passages found in the opening of The Bluest Eye.) Passage taken from I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings Maya Angelou "After we left Mr. Willie Williams' Do Drop Inn, the last stop before whitefolksville, we had to cross the pond and adventure the railroad tracks. We were explorers walking without weapons into man-eating animals' territory. In Stamps the segregation was so complete that most Black children didn't really, absolutely know what whites looked like. Other than that they were different, to be dreaded, and in that dread was included the hostility of the powerless against the powerful, the poor against the rich, the worker against the worked for the ragged against the well dressed. I remember never believing that whites were really real†¦ Whitefolks couldn't be people because their feet were too small, their skin too white and see-throughy, and they didn't walk on the balls of their feet the way people did- they walked on their heels like horses. People were those who lived on my side of town.

Faults of Woven and Knit Fabric

Faults of woven fabric: Bar: It is a band running across the full width of cloth. Pick bar due ti difference in pick spacing Tension-bar due to difference in weft tension Weft-bar due to difference in material count, twist etc Box marks: The causes of box marks are – Dirty box Shuttle riding over the weft Dirty shuttle Dirty picking and ticks Broken pattern: It occurs due to wrong drawing of threads insertion of thee pick, incorrect lifting of warp threads. Broken pick: A pick missing of the fabric, due to rough shuttle eyes, poor winding and weft yarn breakage. Defective selvedge: Curled selvedge Cut selvedges Loppy selvedges Slack selvedges Pulled selvedge Tight selvedge Uneven selvedge Float stitches: A place where warp and weft yarns escape the required interlacement. If occurs for improper warp stop motion. Fuzzy: it occurs for the present of hairy and abraded yarns. Hang pick: A pick which is out of line and is a triangular shape. Missing ends: Gap of warp yarns is the main causes Reed marks: Due to this fault cloth shows irregular spacing between groups of warp yarns across the fabric width. Shuttle marks: Width way marks due to abrasion of warp yarns by the shuttle. Stain: Major problems on woven fabric Oil, Dust, Soil, Carbon particles in the air may cause stains. Uneven cloth: It produced when take up motion is faulty, broken ratchet wheel is also responsible. Some mechanical faults: Reed marks Shuttle flying out Shuttle trapping Loom hanging Loom stopping Weft cutting Bumping Knitting Faults: Holes: Holes are the result of yarn breakage. It occurs for the following causes – Uneven yarn Badly set of yarn feeder Knots, slubs etc in yarn Yarn tension is too high Yarn is too dry Drop stitches: Those are the result of a defective needle. It also occurs when a yarn is not properly fed during stitch formation. Cloth fall –out: it is an area consisting of drop sitiches lying side by side. Snags: It occurs when filament yarns are processing. It occurs for higher twist and lesser crimp elasticity. Double stitches: These occur due to badly knitted or non-knitted loops. Vertical stripes: It is observed as longitudinal gaps in the fabric. When the space between Wales is irregular it occurs. Horizontal stripes: Horizontal stripes are caused by unevenness in the courses. Soil stripes: Soil stripes can appear both in the direction of Wales as well as courses. Color fly: Color fly consists of singe fibres, brunches of fibre of yarn pieces in varying colors. Distorted stitches: Due to it if become unsettled fabric and fabric appearance is skitter. Write about BAN (Barium Activity Number): Barium activity Number = (? Ba(OH)? _2 Absorbed by mercerised cotton material)/(? Ba(OH)? _2 Absorbed by unmercerised cotton material) BAN is always greater than 100 Standard range of BAN 115 – 135 Highly mercerized range 140 – 150 possible If BAN < 115, Mercerization wille be uneven Write ablout Water Hardness: Hardness is a term applied to water denoting a measurement of its PH and metal salt contest. Classification of water according to hardness – DescriptionTotal hardness (Degree) Very soft 0 – 40 Soft 5 – 80 Shild 9-140 Fairly hard 15 -180 Hard 19 -300 Very hard > 300 Determination of water hardness: The following Reagents are required for hardness measermet Buffer solution EDTA (Ethelene Diamine Tetraacetate ) (. 02 N or . 01 M) Indicator solution 0. 05 gm (Solochromo black WDFA) Mixture of alcohol and tri-ethanol amine Calcium solution – Take 1 gm CaCO3 and dried at 1650C Cover with clock glass and add water (50-100 ml) Add 20. 5 ml HCl Warm and next Cool Transfer to one litre volumetric flask Determination of total Hardness: Total Hardness = (T? 1000)/V mg/L CaCO3 Where, V = Wt. f solution (50 -100) into conical breaker T = Total amount of EDTA used to get reddish tinge disappear. Weight loss in Pre-treatment: The weight of unscoured and scoured were taken separately at the same moisture content and then weight loos is measured in %. Weight loss = (Wt. of Unscoured fabric-Wt. of Scoured fabric )/(Wt. of Unscoured fabric) ? 100% Standar d range of Weight loss = 4 – 8% Fabric and knit: (Questions) Faults of woven and knit fabric. Different variables of woven fabric. BAN (Bariem activity number) Hardness measurement of H2O. Wt. loss in pre-treatment (Scouring, bleaching, desizing etc)

Teamwork

What does it mean to be a successful team? Over the past year, I watched my mother fight one of the hardest battles in the world. My mother was diagnosed with breast cancer last year, and even the best team of doctors could not cure her. The day she died, she went to my basketball game in the morning, and she died later that afternoon. The lesson I learned is that even if you give it your all, sometimes you don’t always achieve your goal and win. My mother always wanted me to go to an NBA game. I have been a Wizards fan my whole life and have never been to a game.I am always observing how the best teams perform. I think the Wizards are a great team that love the game and respect each other, and that is what you need to be a successful team. For example, the more you trust your teammates, the more likely it is the team will achieve its goal. A team must work together to achieve a goal, but sometimes even the best teams don’t win. John Wall is one of my biggest idols. He trusts and respects his teammates, plays with speed and precision, and even when he loses, he is always respectful.If I could see him play, it would be a dream come true. Runner up: It’s about working together By Zoe Cachion, 11, Arlington Teamwork is helping people out when they need it, and working together. You win as a team, and you lose as a team, You need to have empathy for other people on your team, Teams and teamwork are not just sports and other competitions. Teamwork is about . .?. trust, loyalty, confidence and perseverance. Success in your team is not really winning every single game. It’s more about working together with your teammates.Sure, it feels fantastic to win, but it feels even better when you know everybody in the team worked hard to get that win. That’s what success in teamwork means to me. Runner up: The ‘ubuntu’ approach By Dan Huynh, 12, Falls Church Before each of their games, the successful Boston Celtics yell the Africa n word â€Å"ubuntu,† which inspires the team to focus on the greater good rather than individual success. A successful team’s players don’t care about only their stats, All-star appearances, salary or winning championships.Positive teammates focus on the people they play with every day and how they can help their peers improve. An ubuntu-type player will pass on opportunities to others. For example, the Washington Wizards show that their team is focusing on the greater good because, as Kevin Seraphin said, â€Å"we play like a team. Nobody is selfish. Nobody wants to be the hero. Every night, you let somebody else shine. † This attitude makes their team successful. Ubuntu does not only apply to professional sports; it pertains to amateur sports also.For example, my aquatics coach told our team that during a water polo game, one of his players had the opportunity to get a hat trick. However, instead of shooting himself, he pump-faked and passed to his ope n teammate, who scored. This team was successful because its players shared opportunities rather than focused on themselves. When a team works together, teammates are able to help one another overcome obstacles and improve both as individuals and as a team. As the ubuntu philosophy states, â€Å"I am what I am because of who we all are. †

It320 Hmwk 4.1

Wan Technology/ Unit 4 Assignment: 4. 1 1. At what layer of the OSI model does CDP operate? Data Link layer 2. What is the primary use for CDP? To discover information about directly connected Cisco devices 3. What network layer protocols can CDP provide information for? IP, Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX), and AppleTalk 4. When CDP is enabled on an interface, a router (or switch) sends CDP advertisements on a regular basis, which list information about the sending router. Included in the packets are a series of Type/Length/Value, or TLV, data structures. . The show cdp neighbors command can be used to display one line of information about each directly connected CDP-enabled device. List the six pieces of information displayed. Device ID, local interface, holdtime, capability, platform, and port ID 6. In the topology of all Cisco devices shown in Figure 4-1, you are on Host A and consoled in to RTA. What devices can you see in the output from CDP commands? SWA, RTB, and RTC only the directly connected devices that are attached to RTA 7. How would you gather information about other CDP-enabled devices in the network?By Telneting to those devices and using the show cdp neighbors command 8. From RTB in Figure 4-1, what devices can you see in the output from CDP commands? RTA and RTD 9. From RTC in Figure 4-1, what devices can you see in the output from CDP commands? RTA and RTD 10. From RTD in Figure 4-1, what devices can you see in the output from CDP commands? RTB, RTC, and SWB 11. cdp run Global Enables CDP globally on the router. cdp enable Interface Enables CDP on an interface. lear cdp counters Privileged EXEC mode Resets the traffic counters to 0. show cdp entry User or privileged EXEC mode Displays information about a specific neighbor. show cdp interface User or privileged EXEC mode Displays information about interfaces on which CDP is enabled. show cdp neighbors [detail] User or privileged EXEC mode Displays at least six pieces of information a bout the neighbor 12. The cdp run command enables CDP globally on the router. By default, CDP is globally enabled. The enable cdp command enables CDP on a particular interface. 13.Fill in the appropriate commands in the configuration/output that follows: RTC(config)#cdp run_ <– Command that will start CDP RTC(config)#interface Ethernet 0 RTC(config-if)#no cdp enable <– Turn off CDP on this interface RTC(config-if)

Living and non living things Essay

Abstract Whenever you are teaching student a new language that they are not used to speaking at home or around their peers; require a lot of sacrifice for the he teacher and the students that are usually speaking their native tongue. With the challenges ahead the teacher will need to dedicate more time for teaching and instruction for the English Language Learner. And for the student wishing to learn a new language it will also take some sacrifice on their end as well. For the teacher and the pupil it will be very crucial that the students know and see the different language acquisition theories; how they are used in a classroom setting and how to implement those theories in a lesson plan. Introduction As the English Language Learner’s numbers start to increase in districts around the United States; many instructors are looking for more effective ways to teach the ell a new language. The Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol (SIOP) is an avenue that teachers use to decide how he/she will attack the different ways of delivering the lessons to the ell so they will be able to understand and gain knowledge and deliver lessons that allow English learners to acquire academic knowledge develop some English language proficiency. When the SIOP method is used all students benefit from the lessons and instructions not just the ells. The more the instructors use the SIOP model the English learner’s progress shall be seen in their academics. Since there are so many language acquisition theories that go along with SIOP; the two methods used in my lesson plans are an Innatist and Interactionist methods. Within both methods there is an emphasis on natural language development and they focus on interaction between people as the main ways to learn and develop a new language. Innatist Theory In the innatist natural language development is received by the students through materials such as books, friends and other resources. The input of this theory given to the students by the teacher is very important for the learning process. The ideal classroom setting would consist of students who have equal proficiency to those who are learning a second language. By  having the setting in such a way; this will ensure that all of the students are on the same level and can better work with another in improving language development. During this time a students’ output is not a concern and it is shown that language will occur naturally. There is also, a silent period to be expected during this time but there should be no worries. Innatist also believes that errors should not be corrected; students will correct them over time. â€Å"Most English language learner errors among their subjects were best described as similar to errors made by children acquiring English as a first language† (Peregoy, et al., 2008, p. 53). Some students are known to make the similar mistakes of those who are learning English as a small child. So the innatist theory is a way of making the students learn on their own, at their own pace, and use the interactions they have with others to build different skills. The lesson plan discussed will work jointly with the theory; due to the fact that the students will continue to use resources and do normal activities that they do on the normal. There will be times when the students will pair off with another student who may speak their native tongue so he/she will be able to relate to his/her peers; during this time they will bouncing ideas off each other to find out what the other may have learned so the will be able to teach each other. My lesson plan was given to a teacher of 6 and 7 years students where there are quite a few of English language learners. If the teacher were using the innatist theory he/she would pair students according to language level. The students who are considered more proficient in their native language would be paired with an student who may be ELL. With this lesson plan it was a good way to use group discussion it was an interesting to keep those students attention in order to make them more interested and excited to discuss the big ideas. Interactionist Theory The interactionist theory and the innatist theory are very similar. . The input of this theory given to the students by the teacher is very important for the learning process. The ideal classroom setting would consist of students who have equal proficiency to those who are learning a second language. By having the setting in such a way; this will ensure that all of the students are on the same level and can better work with another in improving language development. On the student output end, speaking occurs  naturally in communication with others. This theory puts no pressure on speaking, except when the student has the natural impulse to communicate with others. As for the treatment of errors is concerned, errors that impede communication will be naturally corrected as the meaning is negotiated; some errors may require explicit corrective instruction in order to make sure that the student is not being taught in the wrong way. â€Å" Interactionists view the communicative give and take of natural conversations between native and non-native speakers as the crucial element of the language acquisition process† (Peregoy et al., 2008, p. 55). Lesson Plan Success As you can see from the reading innatist and interactionist theories were present in the discussed lesson plan. As noted before the theories are very similar and the key purpose is to let the student learn and interact with each other in hopes that they will pick up on a new language and possibly learn to speak a new language. By using different activities that may be interesting and engaging to the students is also a big part of learning success. Many students like to hang out in groups; so with making a lesson plan around having the student to work in groups doing so can really help with the success of the students. The only major opposing view is that one theory would not make any correction on errors and the other theory would correct the wrongs. In a classroom setting it is important for teachers to correct errors as much as possible, this would help make sure that students are not abusing the language in the negative manner; and it would be easier to correct errors as they happen instead of having to force a student to change a habit he/she has been doing for a while My plans were not difficult; I made it interesting and fun for all students. As the students learn it becomes evident that the plan fits everybody. Conclusion When you have to create a lesson plan to teach students of different language backgrounds and make the plan fun and enjoyable for all students in the class; and when you also have to make the lesson where any teacher is able to instruct any group of students and keep them interested is not an easy task. And do keep in mind while creating these plans you may have some students in the selected class that may have no knowledge of the current  language being spoken in the class. In order to make the plans enjoyable for all students it is very important that a teacher or whomever is creating the plans have knowledge of the student that they may be potentially teaching and trying to get to grasp the English language. If the SIOP lesson plan broken down in it will be easier to follow and keep student interested in the learning process. If the lesson plan is followed no areas will be omitted and the students’ success will be seen in their academic increase. So as a teacher; you will have more time for teaching and less time trying to plan and focus more on ensuring that all the objectives and language acquisition theories are in place to assure that the all student have an equal chance to obtain the and learn the English or any other language. (Building Background) Students will read the book See How They Grow: Owl. Pose class discussion questions from the story such as: Is the owl from the story a living thing? Why or Why not? What does the owl do to make it a living thing? What does the owl need to survive? Steering the conversation into differentiating between living and non-living. Presentation (Language and content objectives, comprehensible input, strategies, interaction, feedback) Using a whiteboard divide the board into two categories, living and non-living things. Introduce the various pictures of living and non-living things. Do not tell students which is living or non-living. Students will approach the white board and place the living and non-living pictures under the correct category. Discuss with students why these things are living and why they are non-living. Using the teacher pointer ask for a volunteers to point out living or non-living things in the classroom. Discuss the differences among the things that the students  pointed out. Practice/Application (Meaningful activities, interaction, strategies, practice/application, feedback) Two stations should be created in the classroom. One station will be the â€Å"plant station† and the other will be the â€Å"Fish station.† Students should be divided into two groups also. One group will observe like scientists at the plant station and the other group will observe like scientists at the fish station. Pass out data sheets and magnifying glasses prior to students going back to their station. At the plant station the fake plant and the real plant should be positioned in the middle of the table and be labeled plant #1 and plant #2. At the fish station the beta fish and the candy Swedish Fish should be positioned in the middle of the table and labeled fish #1 and fish #2. Students will go to their assigned station and predict which plant or fish they believe is a living thing and which they believe is a non-living thing. Students will use their magnifying glasses like scientists and record on their data sheets characteristics of each plant and fish. Water for the plant and food for the fish should be available for the students to use when recording observations. Students will complete their data sheets by concluding which plant and fish was living and non-living. Students will discuss their conclusions as a class. Review/Assessment: Content (Review Objectives and vocabulary, assess learning) Students will use their science journals to draw a picture of a living thing and a non-living thing. The students will write in their journals what makes the picture they choose to draw a living and non-living thing. Extension: Introducing the word metamorphosis and how some living things can change when they grow. Reference Peregoy, S., Boyle, O. (2008). Reading, Writing, and Learning in ESL. New York: Allyn and Bacon.

Kansas City Hyatt Walkway Collapse

Kansas City Hyatt Walkway Collapse Introduction The Hyatt Regency Hotel was built in Kansas City, Missouri in 1978. This hotel consisted of a 40-story hotel tower and conference facilities, which were connected by an open concept atrium. Inside the atrium, there were three walkways that connected the hotel to the conference facilities on the second, third, and fourth floors. The atrium was 145 feet long, 117 feet wide and 50 feet high. On July 17, 1981, approximately 2,000 people had gathered in the atrium to participate in and watch a dance contest.Dozens stood on the walkways. At 7:05 PM, the walkways on the second, third, and fourth floor were packed with visitors as they watched over the active lobby, which was also full of people. The fourth floor bridge was suspended directly over the second floor bridge, with the third floor walkway set off to the side several meters away from the other two. Construction issues led to a subtle but flawed design change that doubled the load on the connection between the fourth floor walkway support beams and the tie rods carrying the weight of the second floor walkway.This new design could barely handle the dead load weight of the structure itself, much less the weight of the spectators standing on it. The connection failed and both walkways crashed one on top of the other and then into the lobby below, killing 114 people and injuring more than 200 others. Mainbody FIG-1 FIG-2 Originally, the 2nd and 4th floor walkways were to be suspended from the same rod (as shown in fig-1) and held in place by nuts.The preliminary design sketches contained a note specifying a strength of 413 MPa for the hanger rods which was omitted on the final structural drawings. Following the general notes in the absence of a specification on the drawing, the contractor used hanger rods with only 248 MPa of strength. This original design, however, was highly impractical because it called for a nut 6. 1 meters up the hanger rod and did not use slee ve nuts. The contractor modified this detail to use 2 hanger rods instead of one (as shown in fig-2) and the engineer approved the design change without checking it.This design change doubled the stress exerted on the nut under the fourth floor beam. Now this nut supported the weight of 2 walkways instead of just one Conclution FIG-3 FIG-4 Neither the original nor the as-built design for the hanger rod satisfied the Kansas City building code making the connection failure inevitable. If, however, the building design had contained more redundancy this failure may not have resulted in the complete collapse of the walkway.Kaminetzky (1991) suggests two much stronger design alternatives for the connectors. The toe-to-toe channels used in the Hyatt Regency provided for weak welding which allowed the nut to pull through the channel/box beam assembly initiating the collapse. A back-to-back channel design using web stiffeners when necessary (fig-3) or the use of bearing crossplates in conjun ction with the toe-to-toe channels (fig-4) would have made the connection much stronger making it much more difficult for the nut to pull throughReferences Engineering Ethics – Lessons Learned: Kansas City Hyatt Walkway Collapse http://www. pdhengineer. com/Course%20Web/Law%20and%20Ethics%20Courses/hyatt_walkway_collapse. htm â€Å"Hyatt Regency Walkway Collapse†. School of Engineering, University of Alabama. http://www. eng. uab. edu/cee/faculty/ndelatte/case_studies_project/Hyatt%20Regency/hyatt. htm#Causes Kaminetzky, Dov, Design and Construction Failures: Lessons from Forensic Investigations (1991). McGraw-Hill, New York, N. Y.

Acetylcholine and Nicotine agonist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Acetylcholine and Nicotine agonist - Essay Example The evaluation potential of many functions of presynaptic NAChRs would help in finding out how nicotine bring changes to the brain. Considering a cholinergic projection from MHb (medial habenula) by retroflexus fasciculus to the IPN (interpeduncular nucleus) would exist. In this regard, the ability for nAChr functional diversity is extensive in the IPN. This implies that presynaptic IPN could modulate the production of acetylcholine within the IPN. Different studies have confirmed that the facilitation of nicotine by presynaptic would agonist the release of acetylcholine out of the IPN. The prime characteristic of this process includes effects of alpha-conotoxins, agonist and agonist investigation, B2 mutation null effects, and the dopamine nAChR mediated release. Salbutamol could be referred to as am adrenergic agonist receptor, which is used to reduce on the effects of bronchospasm in situations like asthma. It is also used in the treatment of cystic fibrosis, pulmozyme, acetylcysteine, and iprptropium that is linked to DOK-7. As an example of a beta2-agonist, sulbutanol can also be used in obstetrics. The salbutamol that is intravenous could be utilized as a tocolytic in relaxing the smooth muscles of the uterus hence delay premature labor. This has made sulbutamol be the most preferred agent. In the context of this experiment, Salbutamol antagonist’ caused parallel shift of the given dose response curve. This implies that Salbutamol antagonist’ can elicit a slight and dose-dependent contractile response in the ileum that is induced by acetylcholine. While the Salbutamol agonist’ potentiated the effect of Nicotine and shifted its associated dose response curve towards the left as shown in the graph, it did not affect wholly the contractile effects of the acetylecholyne. This implies that Salbutam agonist as proven by the iochemical studies, tend to act selectively. As far as EC50 of the

In what circumstances have NGOs come to perform governmental functions Essay

In what circumstances have NGOs come to perform governmental functions - Essay Example NGO’s are the voice of the civil society and fuel social development. But why do we need NGO’s. Do they represent failure of government in bringing the social justice and providing necessary human and social development? Is the role and impact of NGO’s has changed in any way in the wake of globalization? This paper aims at studying the circumstances which makes the NGO’s perform nongovernmental functions. It will also discuss history and changes in the type of work done by NGO’s. The paper aims at investigating the reasons of the recent growth of NGO’s. An example of how the policy and working of NGO’s have changed in the wake of globalization and changed circumstances will also be discussed to develop a sound understanding of the situation. History and Growth of NGO’s The concept of NGO is not new and can be traced back to the late eighteenth century but the terminology of NGO is relatively recent. The first NGO in its raw form was formed by Thomas Clarkson along with some other men in 1787; when they formed a society to dissuade British companies and ship owners to involve in salve trade. The struggle continued in different forms against different form of oppression and eventually Red Cross was formed in 1855. The NGO activity has grown considerably from those early days of Clarkson. According to the statistics of the Union of International Associations, the no of active NGO’s in 2001 was around 25,000 that is 10,000 more than the figure of 1980. Besides these active NGO’s a huge number of inactive NGO’s also exist, which are capable of becoming active upon arrival of need. The number of inactive NGO’s in 2001 was astounding 18,000. The same is true for the national and local activist groups. Recently what has been observed is the mushroom growth of such organizations all over the world. Indonesia had only one organization for environment protection but now the number has cros sed over 2000. In the Philippines the number of NGO’s has increased from 18,000 to astounding 58,000 only between the period of 1989 and 1996. According to a study of Worldwatch institute the number of grass root or low level NGO’s in United States is approximately two million. The study also revealed that approximately two third of them were established in the last thirty years. NGO’s are not only growing in number but they are also improving in quality in terms of skills, specialization and sophistication. Most highly educated people holding masters and doctoral level degrees are associated with NGO’s. Typically NGO’s very successfully align their strategies with the political, economic, social and environmental trends. Their ability to communicate with media is considered the best in the private sector. NGO does also have this ability to move quickly and form global networks (Blackburn, 2007). Influence of NGO’s NGO’s are changing the way business is being done all over the globe. They are powerful, innovative and organized. They provide social and humanitarian services in cross national contexts that are somewhat politicized as well. NGO’s these days have a strong influence over business.

Considiring Censorship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Considiring Censorship - Essay Example The communicative content that is usually censored is â€Å"sexual content, swearing, blasphemy, drug references, political content, and violence† (Inglis, 2006, 565). Censorship is good because it is done for the welfare of society as a whole. Television, radio, internet, newspapers, magazines, journals, novels, books, telephones and many other modes of communication are evaluated in terms of any content that is censorable. The content that is censored is restricted to reach to general public. In our daily lives, we can see various examples where the communicative content is censored on the basis of its harmful effects on the receivers of messages. The motives of censorship are good and this is done for the betterment of masses. On television, we can see various programs that we like. For example, we like to see movies. Sometimes, in movies abusive language or slangs are employed. In order to censor those slangs or abusive language, the abusive content is stopped to reach to general public. You must have heard the speech that is cut in between on the basis of its containing abusive content and in place of the actual word, we listen a tone. The tone indicates that the word was not worth listening to. Whenever, we listen to the tone, we at once identify that some bad talk is stopped. This censor of abusive words is a type of moral wellbeing of the masses and by this people are stopped to make use of abusive words in their daily lives. In wrestling programs, the sound of tone is extensively used when wrestlers talk to one another before the audience. They are not only challenging one another but also abuse each other and use colloquial expressions that are injurious for the listeners. The wrestling of WWE is well liked because of many heroes of the wrestling like John Cena and Shawn Michael. In this wrestling program, every other day, the wrestlers’ words are censored on the basis

Nosocomial Infections and Intervention Strategies Assignment

Nosocomial Infections and Intervention Strategies - Assignment Example This research will begin with the statement that Good Health Hospital has proved to be among the best hospitals in the region since its inception. The medical professionals and all members of staff are always committed to ensuring delivery of quality services to patients. The hospital has had a good reputation for excellent staff, good patient relations, and top quality services. In the recent past, several cases of E. coli have been reported at Good Health Hospital. E. coli exists in a variety of types but most varieties a less harmful to human health. Research by medical professionals has shown that E. coli bacteria live in the intestines, for both people and animals. Symptoms of E. coli infection include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and vomiting. E. coli emanates from taking contaminated food and water. E. coli may lead to death or permanent health problems if appropriate measures are taken on time. Nosocomial diseases can be termed as an infection that a person gets while attending to in a health institution. The goal of this task is to explore the nosocomial infections, intervention strategies, and recommendations on how to control and manage the various types of nosocomial infections. Records of Good Health Hospital show that a number of nosocomial diseases have been reported. Among the commonest nosocomial infections at Good Health Hospital includes surgical site infection, pneumonia infection, and unitary tract infection among others. It is crustal for medical professionals and other people involved in providing health care to understand the different types of nosocomial infections and how to prevent them. The period between 2009 and 2011 recorded about 10,000 cases of skin and soft-tissue infection. The people surveyed were African Americans, Native Americans, and Asian Americans. The patients included both males and females of the age between 5-18 years, 50-65 years and those above the age of 65 years.

Race, Nation, and Modernity in Chinese Kung Fu movies Essay

Race, Nation, and Modernity in Chinese Kung Fu movies - Essay Example e other hand, critics of Art suggest that Art is the only power of unification that can eradicate all sorts of cultural, racial and sexual discrimination. Delving deep into the whole affair from a much pragmatic perspective unveils several other issues, which clearly signify that humanists and critics of Art do not have many things to optimize over such factors. Basically, the whole collaboration is established over attainment of more monetary profit form the film industry. There has always been a strong undercurrent of ethical identity and cross-culturalism in Hollywood film industry and the element of modernity is also well balanced with the racial differences. The factors of racism or cultural differentiation that humanists and sociologists boost over frequently have not changed much and they exist in the same level. At the initial level of such collaboration between Chinese stars and Hollywood, actors were chosen to play certain roles that actually focus over derogatory social structure of the Chinese society. Now the condition has developed to a great extent in that regard. In this context, the author has commented in the article â€Å"Racial Passing and Face Swapping in the Wild, Wild West† that â€Å"Compared with their predecessors in Hollywood who had to portray the stock array of Chinese domestic servants, laundrymen, mystics, gangsters, and prostitutes, the Hong Kong stars play more positive onscreen roles, appear to have more power in the making of their cinematic changes, and enjoy greater popularity among mainstream U.S. audiences.† (Lo, 147) Last part of the observation is quite significant as it states about the U.S. audience. Action in films and inclusion of subtlety in action are toe aspects that have been greatly cherished and appreciated by U.S. audience. Chinese culture of Marshal Art technique and Kung-Fu has satisfied such demands. At the same time Chinese culture has also received a great exposure through exposition in such films. Asian

Literature Review for Sustainabilty in Supply Chain Management for Essay

Literature Review for Sustainabilty in Supply Chain Management for hospitals - Essay Example However during the rapid development of the industrial age the need for a set of standards was realized which could limit or at least minimize the adverse effects of the industrial machinery on the environment as well as the society without jeopardizing the interests of the manufacturer. An integrative frameworks is discussed for sustainability practice in construction industry presented by (Amlan M., Helen M., 2010). SSCM is the strategic cooperation of organizations in order to improve the management of capital flows, materials and information as well as considering all the issues involved in a sustainable development like social, financial and ecological requirements, which in turn are provided by the customers and stake holders (Craig C., Dale R., Nov 2007)( Seuring & Muller, 2008)(Lutz P., 2009). The elements involved in SSCM have to address environmental and socially challenging issues as well as maintaining customer relationships by being competitive in the market. 2. Role of a sustainable supply chain in a hospital scenario A supply chain is the backbone of any industrial machinery that involves production of goods or provision of raw materials ( Anna N., Ladimer S., 2010 ). A ‘green hospital’ case study presented in (Anna H., 2008) for better healthcare, greening in supply chain, managing the waste stream, hospital food and other aspect discussed in this paper. The green supply chain management is an effective tool and discussed briefly by (Chen L., Shu C., Ling T., 2010). A qualitative study of UK food retailer in context of social responsibility to supply chain presented in (Laura S., Michael B., 2009) Each and every single manufacturer, service provider, transporter and designer is part of a supply chain. Being a service provider, a hospital also needs and in fact is part of a supply chain itself. Sustainability is an important issue when it comes to hospitals because this is one place that cannot afford ignorance in healthcare and envi ronmental issues. A sustainable hospital supply chain incorporates the following features. Waste management: Sustainability in a hospital supply chain will ensure the proper disposal of wastes like used syringes, infected and dirty bandages as well as clothes and in some cases amputated body parts. Recycling of wastage is also an important issue. Energy management: energy management is one of the key elements of SSCM. Energy audits are to be conducted at regular intervals for this purpose. Water management: water is an important resource and must be utilized in an optimal manner. SSCM addresses this issue as per an ecological requirement. Transport: like every other service provider, a hospital supply chain includes transport therefore it has to be managed. Communication: optimal management of communication resources as well as effective communication is also a part of a hospital supply chain. Training sessions: training of employees and awareness sessions for clients are an effecti ve method of increasing sustainability in a supply chain. 3. Examples->types->an example concerning hospitals in particular The supply chain management actually physical dispersion of goods by the efforts of manufacturers, distributors, traders and retailer and it impact on purchasing practices. Barriers and obstacles 4. Advantages and motivational factors for the implementation of a SSCM That the sustainable supply chain mana

Cross-Cultural Perspectives on breastfeeding Essay

Cross-Cultural Perspectives on breastfeeding - Essay Example Unlike Iran that promotes breast milk substitutes, the Australian government encourages infant milk formula, baby foods, baby juices, bottles, and teats. In addition, the government of Australia does not subsidize the antenatal care classes of mothers. Thus, while Iranian mothers get their antenatal care classes for free, those in Australia have to pay at least $12.50 per class. Moreover, the Australian government do not have legislation that mandates providing paid maternity leave for breastfeeding mothers. In addition, Iran strictly follows the suggestions of the World Health Organization (WHO) regarding the optimization of breastfeeding practices in the hospital. This may have resulted from the training the Iranian health care professionals (HCPs) undergo in the area of lactation. Such training is neglected in Australia, and only a few Australian HCPs undergo sufficient training on lactation and breastfeeding. As such, vital steps for breastfeeding like the routine initiation of s kin-to-skin contact by rooming in of the baby, and no food or drink other than breast milk are not efficiently passed through from experts to mothers. Upon release from the hospital, Iranian HCPs visit mothers newly released from the hospital at regular intervals post partum.

Influential People Essay Example for Free

Influential People Essay In my life, I have had many various influential people, but I would have to say that my Mother has made the biggest impact of all. Most everything that I am today is a outcome of inspirations and instances I have established from my Mother. She has made so many different opportunities presented to me, without which I do not know where I would be. I find my Mother to be a very inspiring person; the reasons for this are infinite. My Mom has been through multiple hardships over the course of her life and throughout it all she has become an exceptionally strong, loving, and wise person. This fact alone amazes me and when compounded with the fact that my Mother, among it all, still manages to have a quick, clever, and upbeat sense of humor I am left fascinated. The things I have learned and continue to learn from my Mother are endless; she has taught me all of the founding principles of my life and for that I am eternally thankful. Though my Mother and I have many discussions on various subjects, within whom I learn many different things, I believe that many of the things I learn from her are discovered and observed from example. This summer would be an instance. Together, we faced many hardships that really pulled and tugged on our relationship. We worked through possibly one of the hardest things a mother could ever go through. It not only brought us closer together, but it made me realize how much she loves me, and how she is always going to be there for me. It is common knowledge that not everyone is perfect, even heroes, and in realizing this I know that I although I wish to be like my Mother in most ways I do not in all. This realization may be one of the most important things I have learned, my Mother has taught me to base my decisions in life not solely on the examples and actions of others but simply on what I gather and learn from the examples and actions of others. In other words, she has taught me not to follow blindly but to make my own decisions based on what I think is important. My relationship with my Mother is something that I treasure above everything else in my life. We are able to play and joke like young children and have serious in depth conversations on some of life hardest subject like mature adults. The various levels that my Mother can reach me on astound me and I think that it is what makes our relationship truly special and what makes her such a wonderful influence.

Facebook vs Twitter Essay Example for Free

Facebook vs Twitter Essay But one question is who will be on top? Synopsis of the Situation Who is better than who? Or one could say who is going to be the king of the hill? Facebook has tried to purchase Twitter with no success. It is hard to say who will come out on top or who will be the ultimate winner of the social war. Until on or the other purchases their competitor or they just decide to merge and rule the social network, we will have to wait and see who will win. Key Issues Facebook and Twitter are both free sites and are both popular. Facebook and Twitter are both time conversations, but Twitter is a little faster. They both seem to have their good and bad qualities. Twitter has a character restriction and has no popups. Twitter users can also post to their Facebook page. Facebook does not have a character limit. They both can post pictures and videos. Facebook has a better privacy blocking system (if you can find it and get them set right). A lot of users (me included) are not aware of this option. Facebook allows businesses to advertise and reach more people faster. Facebook makes there revenue off the ads on their site, witch keeps it free for their users. Facebook has games for their user to play also. These games also generate some of their revenue. Twitter has no games and the only source of revenue is its investors. Define the Problem The main problem for Facebook and Twitter at time is each other. The other thing is that there are other social sites that are starting to catch on. They are both trying so hard to out due each other they may just get stepped on by someone else. They both need to set some goals and do what will help them in the long run. Alternative Solutions Alternative 1- There is room for both of them on the World Wide Web. Competition is good. They need to keep going like they are; yes sooner or later one will be better than the other. It is like the burger wars (McDonalds and Burger King) one might be on top but the other is right behind. Alternative 2 They could always merge and rule the social networking site as one. Alternative 3 They could merge and Facebook can be the everyday personal social network site and Twitter can be more of the business network site. Selected Solution to the Problem Alternative 1 Let the users decide which site works best for them. Compatiotion is good for both of them and the users. It makes them improve their products and in turn this makes a better product for the consumers/users. Despite the politically right way, there is going to be a winner and a loser. Implementation The best way to implement the solution is to advertise and to start improving their sites right away. The faster they improve them, the faster they get ahead. Recommendations Twitter should find a way to make revenue. They might need to start selling advertising space or charging a nominal fee for users. Facebook needs to become more users friendly and maybe make it easier to use.

World War Ii In Southeast Asia History Essay

World War Ii In Southeast Asia History Essay Japanese occupation in Indochina. The Japanese Invasion of French Indochina, also known as the Vietnam Expedition, was a move of Japanese Empire in September 1940, during the Second Sino-Japanese War, to prevent China from importing arms and fuel through French Indochina, especially through Sino-Vietnam border. With the outbreak of World War II, France was force to withdraw its best troops from Indochina in order to help their force in the war in Europe. Thus, it was a wide open opportunity to the Japanese. Japan saw that French Indochina would need to be protected so that other foreign powers couldnt seek to take advantage of Frances plight. Earlier, Japan demanded the French colonial to close the Hanoi-Kunming railway in order to abandon the shipments of war-related goods from Vietnam to China. Later, the Japanese sought to gain control over the Haiphong-Yunnan railroad so that it could attack the main supply based of Chiang Kai-shek. After the fall of France during World War II, t hat the Japanese seized power from French and occupied the entire Indochina. However, the colony was still administered by Vichy France, but was under the Japanese supervision until a brief period of complete Japanese control between March and August 1945. In Cambodia and Laos, in the short term at least, despite the fact that the French continued to administer these states and to support the traditional rulers, so that there was a limited growth of nationalist feeling compared to other states in the region. In Cambodia, politicization just began during World War II. By the 1940s, Khmer intellectuals had begun to form three institutions including the scholar Buddhist Institute, Cambodias sole French-language high school, and Khmer newspaper Nagara Varta (Angkor Wat). Cambodian feelings were outraged in 1940 after getting back some territories of the north-western provinces from Thailand under the Japanese support. However, the nationalistic movements in Cambodia were slickly under French control. The French and Japanese agreed to let French continued to occupy the Indochina, but Japanese forces could move freely in Indochina. French role was variegated in the growth of Cambodian nationalism. In order to reduce Japanese popular fascination in the country, French began to provide a quasi-nationalist movement to young Cambodians. Simultaneously, French glorified Khmers past and its future in partnership with France. Moreover, French also promoted the status and salary of Cambodians in the g overnment service. Unconsciously, in 1943 they pushed the strong nationalism feelings further by launching a program to replace Khmer traditional writing with a roman alphabet. The Buddhist sangha and intellectuals protested against this program because they considered that this was an attack on Khmer traditional learning and cultural heritage. The feeling of anti-French continued until the Japanese seized control of government in March 1945, and the Romanization was cancelled. In April 1945, the Japanese provide independent to Cambodia, but after the surrender of Japan in August 1945, there was no next step for Cambodia independent. Furthermore, there was still no anti-colonial movement in Cambodia such as national movements emerged in Vietnam and Indonesia in 1945. In June 1940, after the Fall of France, Laos was controlled by the Axis-puppet Vichy France government which was under the supervision of the Japanese. Most of Laos stayed under the control of French supervision until March 1945. Before March 1945, French had brought significant changes to Laos. A National renovation movement was assembled; schools and other amenities were built; Lao music, dance and literature were promoted. Moreover, First Lao newspaper was also emerged at that time. The nationalistic movement arose as well, especially in the Lao lowlanders. On 9 March, 1945, Japanese occupied Laos, so Laos stayed under the administration of French along with Japanese supervision. During the Japanese occupation of Laos, enormous amount of French officials were imprisoned. At the same time, King Sisavang Vong, who tried to declare independence of Laos and accepted Laos under the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity sphere, were put into the prison as well. Japan continued to rule Laos de spite constant civil unrest against it until it was force to withdraw from Indochina after the Japanese surrender in August 1945. The Japanese occupied Vietnam from September 1940 until the end of World War II. Japan came to Vietnam with the policy Asia for Asians and Japanese forces took only a week to control Vietnam. However, Japan still left the French colonial government there, because Japan could not provide enough men to occupy the entire of Vietnam. Japan left the French in charge and developed Vietnam as its client state. The French continued to colonize Indochina, but ultimate political and military power was not in their hands. Japanese demanded for resources and had priority over French policies. Thus, Japanese troops could freely access to Vietnams roads, rail network and ports, so that the Japanese could conquer Thailand and Burma easily. During the Japanese occupation, the Vietnamese were told that the Japanese were not conquerors, but liberators Japan would drive away the white imperialists out of Asia. Simultaneously, Japanese language course were introduced; Japanese films, literature and poe try were translate into local language as well. However, Vietminh considered Japanese as number one enemy. It was notable that the Vietnamese Communists rose up in the 1930s, before the arrival of Japanese. However, the arrival of Japan made Vietnamese Communists felt that there was no hope for them to demand for getting any power. Their numbers remained small and the French was trying to eliminate the political force that was considered as a threat to their role in Vietnam as well. As the war advanced and the altered of the political environment, it was an opportunity for the Vietnamese Communist-Nationalists. The Vietnamese was trying to develop its force in order to seize the power at the end of the war. By June 1945, Ho Chi Minh felt strong enough to create a Viet Minh-controlled area in north-western Vietnam. By August, Viet Minh forces seized the control of Japanese-held villages and towns. In early August, the Japanese forces prepared to leave after the Japanese surrender in World War II. Within days, Vietminh forces took control of most of northern and central Vietnam and declared Vietnams independence On 2 September 1945 in Hanoi. Exceptional case: Thailand Thailand was the most interesting country among Southeast Asian nations during the colonial period as well as the period of World War II because it was the only state in the region that was not under the foreign colonization. At the beginning of World War II, Thailand was under the control of an authoritarian government which was led by Prime Minister Phibun. In that regime, the government supported the restoration of the territories in Cambodia and Laos, and they rose up anti-French sentiment in the country as well. Phibun was trying to keep closer relations with Japan in order to seek support against France. In October 1940, a conflict between Thai and French forces broke out along Thailands eastern border. Then, it was a good opportunity for Japan to intervene to mediate the conflict. Japan used its influence with the Vichy regime in France to gain concessions for Thailand. As a result, France agreed to give away western part of Laos and most of Cambodian Battambang province to Th ailand. The restoration of Thai lost territory increased Phibuns reputation in Thailand. However, Japan wanted to maintain the relationship with Vichy, so that Thailand was forced to get only a quarter of its demanded land. In addition, they had to pay six millions piasters as a concession to the French. Relations between Japan and Thailand became tense; then Phibun turned to courting the British and Americans instead. In December 1941, Japan moved its troops into Thailand and demanded the rights to access through Thailand to invade British Burma and Malaya. Thai troops resisted but later the Phibuns government called for ceasefire. After that, a mutual offensive-defensive alliance pact between Thailand and Japan was signed and Thai entered a military alliance with Japan. Japanese troops were allowed to move freely in Thailand; however, Thailand still controlled its own armed forces as well as internal affairs. In January 1942, Thais declared war on Britain and the United States bec ause of the Japan pressure. Meanwhile, Japan had put its troops in Thailand and built the infamous Death Railway by using many Asian labour forces as well as allied prisoners of war. According to M. Walsh (2005), the Japanese engineers predicted that Death Railway would be completed in five years. However, the Japanese army forced the prisoners to finish this railway in only sixteen months. The causalities in the construction were very high there were about 12,400 deaths among the total 61, 700 labour forces. In 1943, there was tense situation between Japan and Thailand, and many Thai people began to against Japan. Because of the war, Thailand had experienced the economic disruption as well. In July 1944, Phibun resigned from office and left Thailand with the problem of preparing Thailand for an Allied victory. Thai politicians were under the controlled of Japanese until August 1945 Japanese surrender in World War II.